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Cleopatra Queen of The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt

The Ptolemaic pharaohs were crowned by the Egyptian High Priest of Ptah in Memphis, but they lived in Alexandria, a multicultural and largely Greek city founded by Alexander the Great. They spoke Greek and ruled Egypt as Hellenistic Greek emperors, refusing to learn the native Egyptian language.

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator was the queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt and its last active ruler from 51 to 30 BC. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was the son of its founder, Ptolemy I. She was a descendant of the Macedonian Greek general Soter and companion of Alexander the Great.

Her first language was Koine Greek, and she was the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned an Egyptian language. After his death, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the last Hellenistic period state in the Mediterranean, a period that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC).

She has become a pop culture icon of the Egyptian people since the Victorian era, and in modern times, Cleopatra has appeared in applied and fine arts, burlesque satires, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.